1. Gründemann C, et al. Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:283.
2. Seo JY, et al. Induction of detoxifying enzyme by sesquiterpenes present in Inula helenium. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(2):300–304.
3. Lin SC, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa Linne on liver injuries induced by chronic ethanol consumption and potentiated by carbon tetrachloride. J Biomed Sci. 2002;9(5):401–409.
4. Mehrandish R, et al. Heavy metals detoxification: A review of herbal compounds for chelation therapy in heavy metals toxicity. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(2):69–77.
5. Carneiro DM, et al. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial to assess the acute diuretic effect of Equisetum arvense (field horsetail) in healthy volunteers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:760683.
6. Mo B, et al. Aqueous extract from Equisetum arvense stimulates the secretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein in human urine after oral intake. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;295:115427.
7. Tavares WR, Seca AML. Inula L. secondary metabolites against oxidative stress-related human diseases. Antioxidants. 2019;8(5):122.
8. Kenny CR, et al. From monographs to chromatograms: the antimicrobial potential of Inula helenium L. (elecampane) naturalised in Ireland. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1406.
9. Mahmoud AM. Arctium lappa root extract prevents lead-induced liver injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, and activating Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Antioxidants. 2019;8(12):582.
10. Aga M, et al. Preventive effect of Coriandrum sativum (Chinese parsley) on localized lead deposition in ICR mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(2-3):203–208.
11. Saleh HA, et al. Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical and cerebellar neurotoxicity. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2021;24(10):1347–1355.

1. Rajanna M, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract in healthy adults — an open-label study. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021;12(3):529–534.
2. Sheeja K, Kuttan G. Andrographis paniculata downregulates proinflammatory cytokine production and augments cell mediated immune response in metastatic tumor-bearing mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(3):723–729.
3. Sheeja K, Kuttan G. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and attenuation of tumor growth in vivo by Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2007;29(1):81–93.
4. Li X, et al. Andrographolide, a natural anti-inflammatory agent: an update. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920435.
5. Prabhakornritta P, et al. Exploring the clinical effects of Andrographis paniculata-derived compounds, its extract, or derivatives for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1598255.
6. Handa SS, Sharma A. Hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata against carbon tetrachloride. Indian J Med Res. 1990;92:276–283.
7. Kapil A, et al. Antihepatotoxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculata. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993;46(1):182–185.
8. Chua LS. Review on liver inflammation and anti-inflammatory activity of Andrographis paniculata for hepatoprotection. Phytother Res. 2014;28(11):1589–1598.
9. Coon JT, Ernst E. Andrographis paniculata in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of safety and efficacy. Planta Med. 2004;70(4):293–298.
10. Saxena RC, et al. A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of extract of Andrographis paniculata (KalmCold™) in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(3–4):178–185

1. Septembre-Malaterre A, Rakoto ML, Marodon C, et al. Artemisia annua, a traditional plant brought to light. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14):4986.
2. Soni R, Shankar G, Mukhopadhyay P, Gupta V. A concise review on Artemisia annua L.: A major source of diverse medicinal compounds. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;184:115072.
3. Alesaeidi S, Miraj S. A systematic review of anti-malarial, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of Artemisia annua. Electron Physician. 2016;8(10):3150-3155.
4. Abad MJ, Bedoya LM, Apaza L, Bermejo P. The genus Artemisia: a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;139(2):289-331.
5. Bora KS, Sharma A. The genus Artemisia: a comprehensive review. Pharm Biol. 2011;49(1):101-109.

1. Feng X, Cao S, Qiu F, Zhang B. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;216:107650.
2. Liu S, et al. Effects of artemisinin on inflammatory factors and intestinal microbiota in rats with ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology. Front Gastroenterol. 2022;1:979314.
3. Stenvall Farrington ME, et al. The beneficial use of Artemisia annua, artemisinin, and other compounds in animal health. Animals. 2025;15(10):1359.
4. Guo Y, et al. Immunoregulation by artemisinin and its derivatives: a new role for old antimalarial drugs. Front Immunol. 2021;12:751772.
5. Chen H, et al. Rebalancing the inflammatory trajectory from inflammatory bowel disease to colitis-associated colorectal cancer via artemisinin-based multitarget therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2026;47:292–316.
6. Wan Y, et al. Artemisinin inhibits inflammatory response via regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(2):1987–1997.
7. Shi C, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of artemisinin and its derivatives. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:435713.
8. Kim WS, et al. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of artemisinin extracts from Artemisia annua L. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8(1):7–14.
9. Zhu Z, et al. Advances in the study of artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of rheumatic skeletal disorders, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disorders: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1432625.

1. Wen Y, et al. The pharmacological efficacy of baicalin in inflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9317.
2. Kim EH, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis extract via suppression of immune modulators and MAP kinase signaling molecules. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(2):320–331.
3. Lixuan Z, et al. Baicalin attenuates inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation in cigarette smoke induced inflammatory models. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2010;23(5):411–419.
4. Hsieh CJ, et al. Baicalein inhibits IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human mast cells via regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Clin Mol Allergy. 2007;5(1):5.
5. Si L, et al. Neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein on the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms. Heliyon. 2025;11(1).
6. Fang J, et al. Baicalin provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury mice model through Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:2497–2508.
7. Huang J, et al. Baicalin exerts neuroprotective actions by regulating the Nrf2-NLRP3 axis in toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease. Chem Biol Interact. 2024;387:110820.
8. Wu Y, et al. Baicalin alleviates atherosclerosis by relieving oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via inactivating the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;97:1673–1679.
9. Hu Q, et al. Baicalin and the liver-gut system: pharmacological bases explaining its therapeutic effects. Pharmacol Res. 2021;165:105444.

1. Pharmacokinetics of liposomal multinutrients versus non-liposomal comparators in a randomized crossover trial. Food Funct. 2025.
2. Bhat P, et al. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021;12(3):597–602.
3. Ikbal AMA, et al. Pharmacogn Rev. 2022;16(32):90–100.
4. Ushio H, et al. J Sci Food Agric. 2021;102(3):1023–1031.
5. Cheung K, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138(2):476–482.
6. Kalus U, et al. Antiviral Res. 2009;84(3):267–271.
7. Feng X, et al. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;216:107650.
8. Liu S, et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1448516.
9. Maidecchi A, et al. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17(1):68.
10. Mascolo N, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987;20(3):271–279.
11. Ghanim H, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):E1–E8.
12. Yarnell E. Clinical Botanical Medicine. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; 2000.

1. Kongkeaw C, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):528–535.
2. Calabrese C, et al. Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(6):707–713.
3. Brondino N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:915691.
4. Mori K, et al. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009;23(3):367–372.
5. Surendran G, et al. Acute effects of a standardised extract of Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane mushroom) on cognition and mood in healthy younger adults: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1405796.
6. Yang G, et al. Ginkgo biloba for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(5):520–528.
7. Satoh T, et al. Potential therapeutic use of the rosemary diterpene carnosic acid for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and long-COVID through NRF2 activation to counteract the NLRP3 inflammasome. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(1):124.
8. Nematolahi P, et al. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students: a randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;30:24–28.
9. Sari DCR, et al. Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) ethanol extract up-regulates hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling in chronic electrical stress model in rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2019;22(10):1218–1224.
10. Puttarak P, et al. Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10646.

1. Shahinozzaman M, et al. Artepillin C: a comprehensive review of its chemistry, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties. Fitoterapia. 2020;147:104775.
2. Cheung KL, et al. Brazilian green propolis and its constituent, Artepillin C inhibits allogeneic activated human CD4 T cells expansion and activation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138(2):476–482.
3. Gao W, et al. Brazilian green propolis improves immune function in aged mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2014;55(1):7–10.
4. Zhao L, et al. Brazilian green propolis improves antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(5):498.
5. Shimizu K, et al. Antioxidative bioavailability of Artepillin C in Brazilian propolis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004;424(2):181–188.
6. Tani H, et al. Inhibitory activity of Brazilian green propolis components and their derivatives on the release of cys-leukotrienes. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010;18(1):151–157.
7. Zulhendri F, et al. Recent update on the anti-inflammatory activities of propolis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1000150.
8. Machado JL, et al. Brazilian green propolis: anti-inflammatory property by an immunomodulatory activity. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:157652.
9. Costa P, et al. Role of the antioxidant properties in the gastroprotective and gastric healing activity promoted by Brazilian green propolis and the healing efficacy of Artepillin C. Inflammopharmacology. 2020;28(4):1009–1025.
10. Magnavacca A, et al. The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: an update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases. Med Res Rev. 2022;42(2):1026–1050.

1. CS Health. BroccoRaphanin®. CS Health website. Accessed May 28, 2026. https://www.cs-health.com/pages/broccoraphanin
2. Houghton CA, et al. Sulforaphane and other nutrigenomic Nrf2 activators: can the clinician’s expectation be matched by the reality? *Oxid Med Cell Longev.* 2016;2016:7857186.
3. Egner PA, et al. Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. *Cancer Prev Res (Phila).* 2014;7(8):813–823.
4. Fahey JW, et al. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.* 1997;94(19):10367–10372.
5. Kim JK, Park SU. Current potential health benefits of sulforaphane. *EXCLI J.* 2016;15:571–577.

1. Orzechowska B, et al. Baicalin from the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis affects the innate immunity and apoptosis in leukocytes of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;23(2):558-567.
2. Wang J, et al. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a promising candidate for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:946030.
3. Liu Y, et al. Exploring bioactive constituents and pharmacological effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi: a review. Nat Prod Commun. 2024;19(8):1934578X241266692.
4. Wen Y, et al. The pharmacological efficacy of baicalin in inflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9317.
5. Lee W, Ku SK, Bae JS. Anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin in vitro and in vivo. Inflammation. 2015;38(1):110-125.
6. Gao Z, et al. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of flavonoids extracted from the radix of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 1999;1472(3):643-650.
7. Ahmadi A, et al. Protective and therapeutic effects of Scutellaria baicalensis and its main active ingredients baicalin and baicalein against natural toxicities and physical hazards: a review of mechanisms. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2022;30(2):351-366.
8. Dmitrieva A, et al. Study of the effect of baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis on the gastrointestinal tract normoflora and Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(15):11906.
9. Zhu L, et al. Protective effect of baicalin on the regulation of Treg/Th17 balance, gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in rats with ulcerative colitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;104(12):5449-5460.

1. Merchant RE, Andre CA. A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3):79–91.
2. Ng JY, et al. Chlorella vulgaris extract as a serum replacement that enhances mammalian cell growth and protein expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:564667.
3. Kwak JH, et al. Beneficial immunostimulatory effect of short-term Chlorella supplementation: enhancement of natural killer cell activity and early inflammatory response (randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial). Nutr J. 2012;11:53.
4. Morita K, et al. Chlorella accelerates dioxin excretion in rats. J Nutr. 1999;129(9):1731–1736.
5. Nakano S, et al. Chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) supplementation decreases dioxin and increases immunoglobulin A concentrations in breast milk. J Med Food. 2007;10(1):134–142.
6. Lee SH, et al. Six-week supplementation with Chlorella has favorable impact on antioxidant status in Korean male smokers. Nutrition. 2010;26(2):175–183.
7. Bito T, et al. Potential of Chlorella as a dietary supplement to promote human health. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524.

1. Merchant RE, Phillips TW, Udani J. J Med Food. 2015;18(12):1357-1362.
2. Merino JJ, et al. Antioxidants. 2019;8(4):101.
3. Takekoshi H, et al. Chemosphere. 2005;59(2):297-304.
4. Nakano S, et al. Chemosphere. 2005;61(9):1244-1255.
5. Genuis SJ, Curtis L, Birkholz D. Int Sch Res Notices. 2013;2013:657849.
6. Chiu HF, et al. J Food Biochem. 2021;45(4):e13665.
7.  Panahi Y, et al. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(4):598-602.
8. Chidley C, Davison G. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(7):2529-2536.
9. Cui Z, et al. Nutrients. 2025;17(24):3912.
10. Lv K, et al. Foods. 2022;11(5):725. 
11. Hsu HY, et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(2):927-936.

1. Bito T, et al. Potential of Chlorella as a dietary supplement to promote human health. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524.
2. Kyratzopoulou E, et al. The efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris in heavy metal removal: a comparative study of mono- and multi-component metal systems. Clean Technol. 2025;7(2):35.
3. Kim YJ, Kwon S, Kim MK. Effect of Chlorella vulgaris intake on cadmium detoxification in rats fed cadmium. Nutr Res Pract. 2009;3(2):89–94.
4. Panahi Y, et al. Investigation of the effects of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on the modulation of oxidative stress in apparently healthy smokers. Clin Lab. 2013;59(5–6):579–587.
5. Panahi Y, et al. Impact of adjunctive therapy with Chlorella vulgaris extract on antioxidant status, pulmonary function, and clinical symptoms of patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases. Sci Pharm. 2012;80(3):719.
6. Kwak JH, et al. Beneficial immunostimulatory effect of short-term Chlorella supplementation: enhancement of natural killer cell activity and early inflammatory response (randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial). Nutr J. 2012;11(1):53.

1. Ismail F, et al. Phytochemistry, pharmacological attributes, and clinical evaluations of Coriandrum sativum: a comprehensive review. Nat Prod Commun. 2025;20(1):1934578X241312791.
2. Mahleyuddin NN, et al. Coriandrum sativum L.: a review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and cardiovascular benefits. Molecules. 2021;27(1):209.
3. Mehrandish R, Rahimian A, Shahriary A. Heavy metals detoxification: a review of herbal compounds for chelation therapy in heavy metals toxicity. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2019;8(2):69–77.
4. Rodrigues KE, et al. Aqueous Coriandrum sativum L. extract promotes neuroprotection against motor changes and oxidative damage in rat progeny after maternal exposure to methylmercury. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;133:110755.
5. Pandey A, et al. Pharmacological screening of Coriandrum sativum Linn. for hepatoprotective activity. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011;3(3):435–441.
6. Sreelatha S, Padma PR, Umadevi M. Protective effects of Coriandrum sativum extracts on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(4):702–708.

1. Maidecchi A, et al. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17(1):68.
2. Mascolo N, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987;20(3):271–279.
3. Kalus U, et al. Antiviral Res. 2009;84(3):267–271.
4. Barrajón-Catalán E, et al. Phytother Res. 2011;25(8):1146–1154.

1. Kalus U, et al. Cistus incanus (CYSTUS052) for treating patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract: a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study. Antiviral Res. 2009;84(3):267–271.
2. Kalus U, Kiesewetter H, Radtke H. Effect of CYSTUS052® and green tea on subjective symptoms in patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract. Phytother Res. 2010;24(1):96–100.
3. Ullah H, et al. In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and bioaccessibility after oral digestion of chemically characterized extracts obtained from Cistus × incanus L., Scutellaria lateriflora L., and their combination. Foods. 2023;12(9):1826.
4. Feng J, et al. Evaluation of natural and botanical medicines for activity against growing and non-growing forms of B. burgdorferi. Front Med. 2020;7:6.

1. Brookes Z, et al. Mouthwash effects on the oral microbiome: are they good, bad, or balanced? Int Dent J. 2023;73:S74–S81.
2. Hannig C, et al. Effects of Cistus-tea on bacterial colonization and enzyme activities of the in situ pellicle. J Dent. 2008;36(7):540–545.
3. Ullah H, et al. In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and bioaccessibility after oral digestion of chemically characterized extracts obtained from Cistus × incanus L., Scutellaria lateriflora L., and their combination. Foods. 2023;12(9):1826.
4. Khan ST, et al. Thymol and carvacrol induce autolysis, stress, growth inhibition and reduce the biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. AMB Express. 2017;7(1):46.
5. Zahid TM, Alblowi JA. Anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque effects of Commiphora myrrh mouthwash: a preliminary pilot clinical study. Open Dent J. 2019;13:1–5.
6. Eid RAA. Efficacy of Commiphora myrrh mouthwash on early wound healing after tooth extraction: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2021;11(1):51–58.
7. Marciano M. Ceanothus americanus monograph. The Naturopathic Herbalist [Internet]. Available from: https://thenaturopathicherbalist.com/herbs/c-2/ceanothus-americanus/

1. Hannig C, Spitzmüller B, Al-Ahmad A, Hannig M. Effects of Cistus-tea on bacterial colonization and enzyme activities of the in situ pellicle. J Dent. 2008;36(7):540–547. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2008.03.009
2. Ullah H, Di Minno A, De Filippis A, et al. In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and bioaccessibility after oral digestion of chemically characterized extracts obtained from Cistus × incanus L., Scutellaria lateriflora L., and their combination. Foods. 2023;12(9):1826. doi:10.3390/foods12091826
3. Hayacibara MF, Koo H, Vacca-Smith AM, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of isolated fractions of Brazilian propolis on caries development. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;101(1-3):110–115. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.003
4. Hegde KS, Bhat SS, Rao A, Sain S. Effect of propolis on Streptococcus mutans counts: an in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2013;6(1):22-25. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1178
5. Mazur M, Ndokaj A, Jedlinski M, et al. Impact of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on periodontitis and caries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2021;57:1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.12.002
6. Jenabian N, Moghadamnia AA, Karami E, Mir AP. The effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2012;20(1):39. doi:10.1186/2008-2231-20-39
7. Fani M, Kohanteb J. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against major oral pathogens. J Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;22(4):660–666. doi:10.1177/2156587217700772
8. da Rosa DD, Rodrigues CM, Andrade SR, et al. Atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme do óleo essencial de Thymus vulgaris frente Streptococcus mutans. Res Soc Dev. 2026;15(5):e11415551095. doi:10.33448/rsd-v15i5.51095

1. Stach K, Stach W, Augoff K. Vitamin B6 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3229.
2. Roohani N, et al. Zinc and its importance for human health: an integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(2):144.
3. Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy — a review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.
4. Ripps H, Shen W. Taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Mol Vis. 2012;18:2673.
5. Nielsen FH. Boron in human and animal nutrition. Plant Soil. 1997;193(1):199–208.
6. Schuster J, et al. Magnesium bisglycinate supplementation in healthy adults reporting poor sleep: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nat Sci Sleep. 2025:2027–2040.

1. Stach K, Stach W, Augoff K. Vitamin B6 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3229.
2. Roohani N, et al. Zinc and its importance for human health: an integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(2):144.
3. Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy — a review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.
4. Mahmood A, et al. Zinc carnosine, a health food supplement that stabilises small bowel integrity and stimulates gut repair processes. Gut. 2007;56(2):168–175.
5. Ripps H, Shen W. Taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Mol Vis. 2012;18:2673.
6. Nielsen FH. Boron in human and animal nutrition. Plant Soil. 1997;193(1):199–208.
7. Nunes MA, et al. Microdose lithium treatment stabilized cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2013;10(1):104–107.
8. Schuster J, et al. Magnesium bisglycinate supplementation in healthy adults reporting poor sleep: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nat Sci Sleep. 2025:2027–2040.

1. Osafo N, Mensah KB, Yeboah OK. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2017;2017:3026370.
2. Adu-Amankwaah F, et al. Antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic contents of Pycnanthus angolensis sap and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta root extracts. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;23(1):205.
3. Feng J, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Evaluation of natural and botanical medicines for activity against growing and non-growing forms of B. burgdorferi. Front Med. 2020;7:6.
4. Zhang Y, Alvarez-Manzo H, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Botanical medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia demonstrate inhibitory activity against Babesia duncani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:624745.
5. Ajayi AF, et al. Effect of ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem on in vivo and in vitro glucose absorption and transport: mechanism of its antidiabetic activity. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(suppl 1):S91–S96.
6. Bugyei KA, Boye GL, Addy ME. Clinical efficacy of a tea-bag formulation of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta root in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ghana Med J. 2010;44(1):3–9.

1. Herrera Vielma F, et al. The role of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in liver health and hepatoprotective properties. Pharmaceuticals. 2025;18(7):990.
2. Di Napoli A, Zucchetti P. A comprehensive review of the benefits of Taraxacum officinale on human health. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2021;45(1):110.
3. Colle D, et al. Antioxidant properties of Taraxacum officinale leaf extract are involved in the protective effect against hepatoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice. J Med Food. 2012;15(6):549–556.
4. Clare BA, Conroy RS, Spelman K. The diuretic effect in human subjects of an extract of Taraxacum officinale folium over a single day. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):929–934.
5. Choi UK, et al. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(1):67–78.
6. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Assessment Report on Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wigg., Radix cum Herba. London: European Medicines Agency; 2009. EMA/HMPC/212895/2008.

1. Husna F, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Momordica charantia. J Transl Intern Med. 2023;11(3):253–264.
2. Barbaro B, et al. Effects of the olive-derived polyphenol oleuropein on human health. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(10):18508–18524.
3. Roschek B Jr, et al. Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis. Phytother Res. 2009;23(7):920–926.
4. Di Minno A, Morone MV, Buccato DG, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a chemically characterized Scutellaria lateriflora L. extract-based food supplement for sleep management: a single-center, controlled, randomized, crossover, double-blind clinical trial. Nutrients. 2025;17(9):1491. doi:10.3390/nu17091491
5. Chen SN, et al. Evaluation of immune modulation by β-1,3;1,6 D-glucan derived from Ganoderma lucidum in healthy adult volunteers, a randomized controlled trial. Foods. 2023;12(3):659.
6. Cör Andrejc D, Knez Ž, Knez Marevci M. Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and other pharmacological properties of Ganoderma lucidum: novel insight into hepatoprotective potential with mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm Res. 2022;45(8):524–544.
7. Chanchal DK, et al. An updated review of Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis): emphasis on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological attributes. Pharmacol Res Mod Chin Med. 2023;9:100326. 
8. Capasso L, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): pharmacological properties, biological activities and therapeutic potential. Molecules. 2025;30(3):654. 
9. Zamechek D, Wenner CA. Lomatium dissectum inhibits secretion of CXCL10, a chemokine associated with poor prognosis in highly pathogenic influenza A infection. J Restor Med. 2014;3(1):111. doi:10.14200/jrm.2014.3.0107

1. Naseem M, Khiyani MF, Nauman H, Zafar MS, Shah AH, Khalil HS. Oil pulling and importance of traditional medicine in oral health maintenance. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11(4):65–71.
2. Zürcher C, Berset C, Reissmann DR, Attin T, Schmidlin PR. Efficacy of sesame-based oil pulling in plaque reduction: a randomized controlled trial. Healthcare. 2025;13(14):1634. doi:10.3390/healthcare13141634
3. Ugazio E, Tullio V, Binello A, Tagliapietra S, Dosio F. Ozonated oils as antimicrobial systems in topical applications: their characterization, current applications, and advances in improved delivery techniques. Molecules. 2020;25(2):334. doi:10.3390/molecules25020334
4. Nardi GM, Cesarano F, Papa G, et al. Mouthwash based on ozonated olive oil in caries prevention: a preliminary in vitro study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9106. doi:10.3390/ijerph17239106
5. Peedikayil FC, Sreenivasan P, Narayanan A. Effect of coconut oil in plaque-related gingivitis — a preliminary report. Niger Med J. 2015;56(2):143–147. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.153406
6. Pavithran VK, Krishna M, Kumar VA, et al. The effect of oil pulling with pure coconut oil on Streptococcus mutans: a randomized controlled trial. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent. 2017;15(3):200–204. doi:10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_29_17

1. Conte F, et al. Galactose in human metabolism, glycosylation and congenital metabolic diseases: time for a closer look. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2021;1865(8):129898.
2. Petry KG, Reichardt JKV. The fundamental importance of human galactose metabolism: lessons from genetics and biochemistry. Trends Genet. 1998;14(3):98–102.
3. Reza S, Ugorski M, Suchański J. Glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide, small glycosphingolipids with significant impact on health and disease. Glycobiology. 2021;31(11):1416–1434.
4. Itokazu Y, Fuchigami T, Yu RK. Functional impairment of the nervous system with glycolipid deficiencies. In: Glycobiology of the Nervous System. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2022:419–448.
5. Kase ET, et al. Remodeling of oxidative energy metabolism by galactose improves glucose handling and metabolic switching in human skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59972.
6. Reily C, et al. Glycosylation in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15(6):346–366.
7. Savin VJ, et al. Galactose binds to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis permeability factor and inhibits its activity. Transl Res. 2008;151(6):288–292.

1. Borlinghaus J, et al. Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules. 2014;19(8):12591–12618.
2. Nadeem MS, et al. Allicin, an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, ameliorates cognitive impairment. Antioxidants. 2021;11(1):87.
3. Bhatwalkar SB, et al. Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum). Front Microbiol. 2021;12:613077.
4. Bashiri S, et al. The effect of aged garlic supplementation on blood pressure and lipid profile: a dose-response grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res. 2025;39(12):5669–5694.
5. Fu Z, et al. Effects of garlic supplementation on components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;23(1):260.
6. Chung LY. The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide. J Med Food. 2006;9(2):205–213.
7. Panyod S, et al. Atherosclerosis amelioration by allicin in raw garlic through gut microbiota and trimethylamine-N-oxide modulation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2022;8(1):4.

1. Snetkov P, et al. Hyaluronic acid: the influence of molecular weight on structural, physical, physico-chemical, and degradable properties of biopolymer. Polymers. 2020;12(8):1800.
2. Gariboldi S, et al. Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid increases the self-defense of skin epithelium by induction of β-defensin 2 via TLR2 and TLR4. J Immunol. 2008;181(3):2103–2110.
3. Hill DR, et al. Specific-sized hyaluronan fragments promote expression of human β-defensin 2 in intestinal epithelium. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(36):30610–30624.
4. Mattheolabakis G, et al. Hyaluronic acid targeting of CD44 for cancer therapy: from receptor biology to nanomedicine. J Drug Target. 2015;23(7–8):605–618.
5. Campoccia D, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. Hyaluronic acid and its composites as a local antimicrobial/antiadhesive barrier. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103(8):1729–1739.

1. Ke J, et al. Advances for pharmacological activities of Polygonum cuspidatum — a review. Pharm Biol. 2023;61(1):177–188.
2. Ghanim H, et al. An antiinflammatory and reactive oxygen species suppressive effects of an extract of Polygonum cuspidatum containing resveratrol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):E1–E8.
3. Feng J, et al. Evaluation of natural and botanical medicines for activity against growing and non-growing forms of B. burgdorferi. Front Med. 2020;7:6.
4. Zahedi HS, et al. Effects of Polygonum cuspidatum containing resveratrol on inflammation in male professional basketball players. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S1–S6.

1. Kwon YI, et al. A review of the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice root from corroborative clinical trial findings. J Med Food. 2020;23(1):12–20.
2. Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):709–724.
3. Wahab S, et al. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice): a comprehensive review on its phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence and toxicology. Plants. 2021;10(12):2751.
4. Huan C, et al. Research progress on the antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin and its derivatives in liquorice. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:680674.
5. Olukoga A, Donaldson D. Liquorice and its health implications. J R Soc Health. 2000;120(2):83–89.

1. Kaur A, et al. Melatonergic agents influence the sleep-wake and circadian rhythms in healthy and psychiatric participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47(5):1003–1010.
2. Ferracioli-Oda E, et al. Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63773.
3. Reiter RJ, et al. Melatonin as an antioxidant: under promises but over delivers. J Pineal Res. 2016;61(3):253–278.
4. Reiter RJ, et al. Brain washing and neural health: role of age, sleep, and the cerebrospinal fluid melatonin rhythm. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023;80(4):88.
5. DeMuro RL, et al. The absolute bioavailability of oral melatonin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(7):781–784.
6. Kennaway DJ. Variable bioavailability of oral melatonin. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(15):1117–1118.
7. Quera-Salva MA, et al. Bioavailability of melatonin after administration of an oral prolonged-release tablet and an immediate-release sublingual spray in healthy male volunteers. Drugs R D. 2023;23(3):219–226.

1. van der Veen JN, et al. The critical role of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2017;1859(9):1558–1572.
2. Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(11):615–623.
3. Fong SYK, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Phospholipid-based solid drug formulations for oral bioavailability enhancement: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2015;80:89–110.
4. Kidd PM. Phosphatidylcholine, a superior protectant against liver damage. Altern Med Rev. 1996;1(4):258–274.
5. Bekdash RA. Neuroprotective effects of choline and other methyl donors. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):2995.
6. Wiedeman AM, et al. Dietary choline intake: current state of knowledge across the life cycle. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1513.

1. Kirchhoff R, et al. Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine. 1994;1(2):107–115.
2. Trautner BW, et al. Clinical practice guideline by Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2025 guideline on management and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections: selection of antibiotic therapy for complicated UTI. Clin Infect Dis. 2025:ciaf460.
3. Šavikin K, et al. Spasmolytic activity of Gentiana lutea L. root extracts on the rat ileum: underlying mechanisms of action. Plants. 2024;13(3):453.
4. Corrado C, et al. Bitter taste receptors 38 and 46 regulate intestinal peristalsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5):2092. 
5. Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Berberine and barberry (Berberis vulgaris): a clinical review. Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):504–523.
6. Addissouky TA, et al. Schisandra chinensis in liver disease: exploring the mechanisms and therapeutic promise of an ancient Chinese botanical. Arch Pharmacol Ther. 2024;6(1):27–33.
7. Šutovská M, et al. Possible mechanisms of Baptisia tinctoria all-trans-2-phenylvinyl-quinolizinium chloride effects on cough reflex in guinea pig model. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58(Suppl 5):635–646.

1. Lodén M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(11):771–788.
2. Egert M, et al. Influence of plant-derived polyphenols on skin microbiota and cutaneous health. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2921.
3. Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers and barrier repair formulations. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(1):1–7.
4. Kuntz M, et al. Effects of manual lymphatic drainage and massage on lymph flow and interstitial fluid dynamics. Lymphology. 2005;38(3):117–123.
5. Shan B, et al. Antioxidant capacity of dietary plant polyphenols and implications for skin protection. J Agric Food Chem. 2017;65(45):9965–9977.
6. Fernando IP, Kim MS, Kim HS, et al. Marine algae–derived bioactive compounds for skin health and cosmetic applications. Mar Drugs. 2018;16(11):408.

1. Marciano M. Ceanothus americanus monograph. The Naturopathic Herbalist [Internet]. Available from: https://thenaturopathicherbalist.com/herbs/c-2/ceanothus-americanus/
2. Shahane K, et al. An updated review on the multifaceted therapeutic potential of Calendula officinalis L. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(4):611.
3. Colle D, et al. Antioxidant properties of Taraxacum officinale leaf extract are involved in the protective effect against hepatoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice. J Med Food. 2012;15(6):549–556.
4. Roschek B Jr, et al. Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis. Phytother Res. 2009;23(7):920–926.
5. Klingelhoefer S, et al. Antirheumatic effect of IDS 23, a stinging nettle leaf extract, on in vitro expression of T helper cytokines. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(12):2517–2522.

1. Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Electrolytes. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Updated July 24, 2023.
2. Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, Sutton RA. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;24(5):737–752.
3. Vormann J. Magnesium: nutrition and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med. 2003;24(1–3):27–37.
4. Calvo MS, Uribarri J. Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(1):6–15.
5. Liska DJ. The detoxification enzyme systems. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3(3):187–198. 
6. Berend K, van Hulsteijn LH, Gans ROB. Chloride: the queen of electrolytes? Eur J Intern Med. 2012;23(3):203–211.
7. Stauber T, Jentsch TJ. Chloride in vesicular trafficking and function. Annu Rev Physiol. 2013;75:453–477.
8. Khanna A, Kurtzman NA. Metabolic alkalosis. J Nephrol. 2006;19(S9):S86–S96.

1. Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic potential of fulvic acid in chronic inflammatory diseases and diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:5391014.
2. Szwed-Georgiou A, et al. Integrated safety and microbiota profiling of fulvic acid formulations across in vitro and in vivo models. Sci Rep. 2026.
3. Gvozdeva Y, Peneva P, Katsarov P. Biomedical applications of humic substances: from natural biopolymers to therapeutic agents. Antioxidants. 2025;14(9):1139.
4. Bondareva L, Kudryasheva N. Direct and indirect detoxification effects of humic substances. Agronomy. 2021;11(2):198.
5. Yang S, et al. Fulvic acid more facilitated the soil electron transfer than humic acid. J Hazard Mater. 2024;469:134080.

1. Stefanache A, et al. Understanding how minerals contribute to optimal immune function. J Immunol Res. 2023;2023:3355733.
2. Calcaterra V, et al. Thyroid health and selenium: the critical role of adequate intake from fetal development to adolescence. Nutrients. 2025;17(14):2362.
3. Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950 to 1999. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6):669–682.
4. Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic potential of fulvic acid in chronic inflammatory diseases and diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:5391014.

1. Singh K, et al. Evaluation of Mimosa pudica seed mucilage as sustained-release excipient. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(4):1121–1127.
2. Adurosakin OE, et al. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and toxicological effects of Mimosa pudica — a review. Pharmacol Res Mod Chin Med. 2023;7:100241.
3. Elizabeth P. Antiparasitic, antibiofilm, and mucolytic activities of Mimosa pudica: an integrative literature review. Eur J Med Plants. 2025;36(4):174–182.
4. Mandal AK, et al. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of Mimosa pudica of Nepalese Terai region: insight into L-mimosine as an antibacterial agent. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:6790314.
5. Rizwan M, et al. Phytochemistry and diverse pharmacology of genus Mimosa: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(2):523.

1. Shin YS, et al. Effects of Ecklonia cava extract on neuronal damage and apoptosis in PC-12 cells against oxidative stress. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;31(4):584.
2. Shin HC, et al. Effects of 12-week oral supplementation of Ecklonia cava polyphenols on anthropometric and blood lipid parameters in overweight Korean individuals: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2012;26(3):363–368.
3. Jo SL, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Ecklonia cava in a chronic neuroinflammatory disease model. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):2007.
4. Davis TA, Volesky B, Mucci A. A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Res. 2003;37(18):4311–4330.

1. Anjum SI, et al. Propolis: its role and efficacy in human health and diseases. Molecules. 2022;27(20):6795.
2. Beserra FP, et al. Artepillin C as an outstanding phenolic compound of Brazilian green propolis for disease treatment: a review on pharmacological aspects. Phytother Res. 2021;35(5):2274–2286.
3. Fiorini AC, et al. Antiviral activity of Brazilian green propolis extract against SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection: case report and review. Clinics. 2021;76:e2357.
4. Kalus U, et al. Cistus incanus (CYSTUS052) for treating patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract: a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study. Antiviral Res. 2009;84(3):267–271.
5. Shahane K, et al. An updated review on the multifaceted therapeutic potential of Calendula officinalis L. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(4):611.
6. Háznagy-Radnai E, et al. Antiinflammatory activities of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids. Phytother Res. 2012;26(4):505–509.

1. Steidl G. RIZOL-Buch: Biologische Grundlagen des Aktivsauerstoffs. Self-published; 2002.
2. Mandala S, Komarraju S, Muralidharan S. Technical considerations of ozonated oils in medical applications: a narrative review. Cureus. 2025;17(4). 
3. Chebbac K, Benziane Ouaritini Z, El Moussaoui A, Chalkha M, Lafraxo S, Bin Jardan YA, Nafidi HA, Bourhia M, Guemmouh R. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chemically analyzed essential oil of Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) native to Mediterranean area. Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):807. 
4. Zamora JR. A review of the medicinal, anticancer and antimicrobial effects of Artemisia annua. Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol. 2026;14(5):1445-1456.
5. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, et al. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of eugenol from essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) leaf against periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Food Control. 2017;73:1-10. 
6. Biernasiuk A, Baj T, Malm A. Clove essential oil and its main constituent, eugenol, as potential natural antifungals against Candida spp. alone or in combination with other antimycotics due to synergistic interactions. Molecules. 2023;28(1):215. 
7. Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Rashki M, Boskabady MH. A review of antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory properties, apoptosis-regulatory effects, and immune system modulation of Juglans regia L. (walnut). Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13(11).

1. Steidl G. RIZOL-Buch: Biologische Grundlagen des Aktivsauerstoffs. 2002. 
2. Mandala S, Komarraju S, Muralidharan S. Technical considerations of ozonated oils in medical applications: a narrative review. Cureus. 2025;17(4).
3. Bhattacharjee MK, Alenezi T. Antibiotic in myrrh from Commiphora molmol preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria. Future Sci OA. 2020;6(4):FSO458.
4. Tavakkoli A, et al. Review on clinical trials of black seed (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone. J Pharmacopuncture. 2017;20(3):179–193.
5. Majdalawieh AF, Fayyad MW. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone: a comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;28(1):295–304.
6. Mir MA, et al. GC-MS analysis of Myrtus communis extract and its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):86.
7. Can Baser KH. Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol-bearing essential oils. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(29):3106–3119.
8. Dorman HJD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol. 2000;88(2):308–316.
9. Feng X, et al. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;216:107650.

1. Hossain S, et al. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: an updated review of phytochemistry, antimicrobial pharmacology, and clinical safety and efficacy. Life. 2021;11(4):348.
2. Zheng Y, et al. A review of the pharmacological action of Astragalus polysaccharide. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:349.
3. Abaidullah M, et al. Polysaccharide from Smilax glabra Roxb mitigates intestinal mucosal damage by therapeutically restoring the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immune functions. Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4102.
4. Ke J, et al. Advances for pharmacological activities of Polygonum cuspidatum — a review. Pharm Biol. 2023;61(1):177–188.
5. Marciano M. Ceanothus americanus monograph. The Naturopathic Herbalist [Internet]. Available from: https://thenaturopathicherbalist.com/herbs/c-2/ceanothus-americanus/

1. Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(11):615–623.
2. McRae MP. Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in healthy adult participants: a meta-analysis. J Chiropr Med. 2013;12(1):20–25.
3. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR. Can lowering homocysteine levels reduce cardiovascular risk? N Engl J Med. 1995;332(5):328–329.
4. Craig SA. Betaine in human nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(3):539–549.
5. Zhao G, et al. Betaine in inflammation: mechanistic aspects and applications. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1070.
6. Zeisel SH. Choline and human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 1994;14:269–296.
7. Ilyas A, et al. Implications of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and betaine in human health: beyond being osmoprotective compounds. Front Mol Biosci. 2022;9:964624.

1. Sailer ER, et al. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA): structure requirements for binding and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Br J Pharmacol. 1996;117(4):615–618.
2. Vonau B, Chard S, Mandalia S, Wilkinson D, Barton SE. Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Int J STD AIDS. 2001;12(3):154–158.
3. Zamechek D, Wenner CA. Lomatium dissectum inhibits secretion of CXCL10, a chemokine associated with poor prognosis in highly pathogenic influenza A infection. J Restor Med. 2014;3(1):104–111. 
4. Ismail F, et al. Phytochemistry, pharmacological attributes, and clinical evaluations of Coriandrum sativum: a comprehensive review. Nat Prod Commun. 2025;20(1):1934578X241312791.
5. Shakeri A, Sahebkar A, Javadi B. Melissa officinalis L. — a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;188:204–228.
6. Brondino N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:915691.
7. Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Berberine and barberry (Berberis vulgaris): a clinical review. Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):504–523.

1. Hossain S, et al. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: an updated review of phytochemistry, antimicrobial pharmacology, and clinical safety and efficacy. Life. 2021;11(4):348.
2. Zullkiflee N, Taha H, Usman A. Propolis: its role and efficacy in human health and diseases. Molecules. 2022;27(18):6120.
3. Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):709–724.
4. Liao H, et al. The main bioactive compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi for alleviation of inflammatory cytokines: a comprehensive review. Phytomedicine. 2021;78:153309.
5. Morua E, Cuyas L, Matías-Hernández L. The beneficial use of Artemisia annua, artemisinin, and other compounds in animal health. Animals. 2025;15(10):1359.
6. Colle D, et al. Antioxidant properties of Taraxacum officinale leaf extract are involved in the protective effect against hepatoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice. J Med Food. 2012;15(6):549–556.
7. Herrera Vielma F, et al. The role of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in liver health and hepatoprotective properties. Pharmaceuticals. 2025;18(7):990.
8. Guimarães NSS, et al. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) glycolic extract protects liver mitochondria from oxidative damage and prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Antioxidants. 2023;12(3):628.
9. Shahane K, et al. An updated review on the multifaceted therapeutic potential of Calendula officinalis L. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(4):611.
10. Wahab S, et al. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice): a comprehensive review on its phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence and toxicology. Plants. 2021;10(12):2751.
11. van der Veen JN, et al. The critical role of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2017;1859(9):1558–1572

1. Kraljević Pavelić S, et al. Critical review on zeolite clinoptilolite safety and medical applications in vivo. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:409213.
2. Kraljević Pavelić S, et al. Clinical evaluation of a defined zeolite-clinoptilolite supplementation effect on the selected blood parameters of patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:851782.
3. Lamprecht M, et al. Effects of zeolite supplementation on parameters of intestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, redox biology and performance in aerobically trained subjects. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:40.